Notes on Sections 2, 3, and 4.

Section 2 : The Revival of Trade.
- After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 400s, trade almost died out in western Europe.
- Because of the Crusades, trade began to grow again in Europe.
- Northern Europe wanted Asian goods, and those goods could be bought in southwest Asia.
- The Italian city-states of Genoa, Pisa, and Venice became important trading centers.
- Ships from Italian cities took Crusaders to Palestine, and on the trip back they brought goods from Asia.
- Trade also began to grow in Northern Europe. 
- Flanders became an important trading center.
- German cities on the Baltic, and North Seas also became important trading centers.
- The three most important were Bremen, Hamburg, and Lubeck.
- The Crusades had increased Europeans demands for new items.
- At first, business at fairs was done through a simple barter economy. Goods and services were exchanged for other goods an services, with no money.
- The system of manufacturing that developed during the Middle Ages was known as domestic system.
- Christian church did not allow usury, or charging interest on loans.
-Capital is wealth that is earned, saved, and invested to make profits.

Section 3 : The Growth of Towns.
- Townspeople made their living by making and trading goods.
- In each town, a merchant guild had the sole right to trade there.
- Skilled workers came together in craft guilds, which were a group of talented people who made things.
- At first, a boy would serve as an apprentice, and then a young man became a journeyman.
- Towns guild memebers became middle class.
- In the Middle Ages, most northern and western European cities had fewer than 2,000 people.
- Towns offered serfs a chacne to help improve their lives.
- Some serfs escaped to towns to gain freedom.
- In the Middle Ages, cities often stood on hilltops or lay along riverbeds.

Notes.

• Reformation - the process of changing the church
• Catholic Church - lost sight of spiritual mission
• The church needed money.
•  The Pope Leo hired someone to charge people for their forgiveness of sins. 
• Indulgences are money paid for sins 
• Martin Luther was a monk who believed in the justification by faith.
• He wrote the 95 thesis and tacks them to the door of the church in Whittenberg.
• ^ 95 statements were against indulgences.
• Martin Luther expelled from the catholic church.

1.   Catholic Church - lost sight of spiritual mission
2.  Popes did not set an example of moral leadership.
3. Priest engaged in misconduct.
4. The church became interested in income, rather than saving souls.
5. No central government in Germany. (Which meant no control over religious ideas or papel abuses.
6. Tetzel began selling indulgences.
7. Luther was summoned to appear infront of the imperial diet. (Council of Catholic Church) In Worns, Germany.
8. Luther is commanded to abandon his ideas. - He refuses.
9. Luther is banished from the empire.
10. Luther translates the Bible into German.
11. Luther's works & ideas continue to spread.
12. Luther establishes the first Protestant Church.
13. First denomination was Lutheranism.

Powerpoint Project

Powerpoint Project 

-Groups of three.
- Select nursery rhyme.
- 6 slide powerpoint
- slides 1-3 history of nursery rhyme.
- 1-2 line by line, summarize
- 2 pictures per slide
- slide 3 WANT AD - slogan, pics, highlight events
- slides 4-6 pick another historical event: make nursery rhyme 

Utopia
- 15 total. 
- 10 pictures.
- 5 words (Symbolism) 

Renaissance - Leonardo da Vinci

     I, Leonardo da Vinci, am an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, cartographer, geologist, botanist, and also a writer. I have achieved many things in my lifetime, and as you can see, I am a diversely talented man.
     My father, Piero da Vinci, was a notary and my mother, Caterina, was simply a peasant woman. I was born out of wedlock, at Vinci, Italy in the region of Florence. I was born on the 15th of April in 1452. I never remember seeing my mother often.
     When I was at a very young age, I lived with my grandparents but then after some time, my father took me into his home. I was raised and educated in his house. You could say I was a child prodigy, because even at a young age I showed extraordinary talent, or so my father said. I was always sketching plants and animals. In my childhood, I learned to play the lyre and I loved to sing.
     My most famous artworks were each paintings - "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper". But painting was not my only talent. I had many engineering ideas, and images of a flying machine. Unfortunately, I never ha the opportunity to complete my inventions.
     I passed away at the age of 67 on the 2nd of May in 1519.

Notes on "The Italian Renaissance" : Chapter 15.

Section 1 :
- The word "Renaissance" means rebirth.

- The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy.

- Began with the Medici family.

- Humanists were those people who returned to the classics. (Socrates,Plato.., etc.)

- Francesce Petrarch was a poet who wrote sonnets to "Laura", who was an imaginary - woman. She was everything he looked for in a woman.

- The artists used Perspective.

- Michealangelo was famous for the Sistine Chapel, and was also one of the most famous artists of the Renaissance.

- The Sistine Chapel was located in the Vatican City.

- Leonardo DiVinci was famous for the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.

- Rafael was famous for frescoes, and madonnas.

- Titian was known for the assumption of the virgin.

- Niccolo Machiavelli was a Florentine writer, who wrote the essay, The Prince.

the book of accordier - written by castiliana
- The biggest question he posed was, "Is it better to be loved than feared, or feared than loved?"
- - I believe that it is better to be feared than loved. Because if you're trying to get people to love you by being something you are not, then they don't honestly love the real you. Not every person in the world will love you, for you. 

If you were a leader, is it better to be loved than feared, or feared than loved?

- - Loved than feared, because as a leader you not only want to take charge, but you want to have respect and you want your people to love you.


Section 2 :
- Joan Gutenburg invetned the printing press to mainly print copies of the Bible.
- Erasmus wrote the book, "In Praise Of Folly".
- Thomas More was a friend of Erasmus, and pubished "Utopia".
- Flemish people were the first to write with oil on canvas.

Black History Month

Harriet Tubman
1. Born into slavery around 1820 in Dorchester County, Maryland; Harriet Tubman was a spy, nurse, feminist, and social reformer. 
2. In 1844, she married John Tubman, a free African- American from Cambridge.
3. She guided three hundred to freedom in the North, because of the underground railroad.

Langston Hughes

1.) Langston Hughes was a writer, who was born in Joplin, Missouri on February 1, 1902.

2.) During his senior year of high school, he was declared class poet and yearbook editor.

3.) He attended Columbia University.

James Baldwin

1.) A writer who was born on August 2, 1924 in Harlem, New York.

2.) He became known as the most eloquent literary spokesperson for civil rights fro African Americans.

3.) He returned to France in the early 1970s.

Clarence Thomas

1.) He was a US Supreme Court Justice.

2.) He was born in Point, Georgia a small coastal town outside of Savannah.

3.) When the Civil Rights act was enacted, his grandfather forced his to attend an all-white boarding school.

W.E.B DuBois

1.) He was an African American scholar.

2.) Early leader in the 20th century African American protest movement.

3.) He was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

Marcus Garvey

1.) He is from the West indies.

2.) The first to forcefully articulate the concept of African nationalism.

3.) He was born on August 17, 1887.

Michael Jordan

1.) Basketball player and buisnessman.

2.) He was born on February 17, 1963, in Brooklyn, New York.

3.) He played for the University of North Carolina and led them to a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I championship.

Frederick Douglass

1.) An African American abolitionist.

2.) The first African American leader of national stature in US history.

3.) He was born in eastern Maryland in February 1817.

Louis Armstrong

1.) He was a jazz musician and entertainer.

2.) He was born in New Orleans, Louisianna.

3.) His father rose to become a straw boss in a turpentine factory.

Elijah McCoy 

1. He was born in Colchester, Ontario, Canada in 1843. 
2. He was a famous inventer, who invented the air-brake lubricator and the vehicle wheel tire.
3. His parents were both slaves in Kentucky before escaping on the underground railroad before the Civil War.

Sojourner Truth
1.Born into slavery in Ulster County, New York, the young woman was known as Isabella.
2. She was active in the suffrage movement and a featured speaker of woman suffrage.
3. In 1827, Truth led Dumont's farm and became a runway.

Tiger Woods
1. Born Edrick Woods on December 30, 1975 in Orlando, Floirda.

2. He is a professional golfer, who became the youngest player to win the Masters.
3. He was the first golfer since Jack Nickalous to captures the years first two major tournaments.

 Wilma Rudolph
1. On November 12, 1994, Wilma died at her home in Brentwood, Tennessee of a brain tumor.
2. Her accomplishments were extremely remarkable because she came from a chilhood of sickness and disability.
3. Wilma was the first American woman runner to win theree gold medals in the Olympic games.


Muhammad Ali
1. He began boxing at the age of 12 after his bicycle was stolen.
2. Muhammad Ali and his "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee" style of fighting dominated the heavyweight boxing.
3. He was born on January 17, 1942, as Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.


Jesse Owens
1. He was apart of the annual Big Ten Track and Field Championship.
2. He was a famous track and field athlete that set national records.
3. He was born James Cleveland Owens on September 12, 1913.


Ralph Bunche
1. He was the highest American official in the United Nations.
2. He attended the University of California at Los Angeles on schorlarships and graduated in 1927.
3. He was born in 1904 in Michigan, and died in 1971.

George Washington Carver

1. He was born in Kansas Territory near Diamond Grove, Missouri during the bloddy struggle between free-soldiers and slaveholders.
2. He started his life as a slave and ended his life as a respected chemist.
3. They pronounced him to be "the least imposing celebrity the world has ever known."

Notes.

- During the late 1000s, the Seljuq Turks, a Muslim people from Central Asia, gained control of Palestine. 

- Palestine was known as "the Holy Land" among Christians.

- The Crusades, a series of military expeditions, began. The crusades was an expedition to regain control of the Holy Land from the Turks. 

- They sewed a cross of cloth on their clothes and were called, the Crusaders.

- At least 10,000 Europeans joined in.

- Some went to save their souls.
- They believed that if they died in the Crusade, that they'd go to Heaven.

- The first Crusade lasted from 1096, to 1099.

- Both French and Italian sent several armies of crusaders from Europe to Constantinople.

- The first Crusade brought much of the Holy Land under European control.

- By 1146, the Turks had united their forces. They started taking back cities that the crusaders had captured.

- In 1147, the Second Crusade began. France and Germany were allies, but failed to regain the city.. The Turks prevailed. So, in 1149, the crusaders returned to Europe in disgrace.

- In 1187, the Muslim leader, Saladin gained control of Jerusalem.

- The Third Crusade lasted from 1189 to 1192. It also failed. When Barbaossa drowned on the way to the Holy Land, his army turned back.

- The Fourth Crusade, in 1204, they attacked and looted Constantinople, another Christian city. 

- They stole many things, sacred to the Byzantine Christians.

- The Byzantine's eventually regaiend their city, but never regained their strength.

- In 1212, the short-lived and unfortunate Children's Crusade took place.

- Young people from across Europe decided to march to the Holy Land and regain it fro Christian Europe. The young crusaders lacked equipment, training, and supplies.

- The Crusades' goal was to take the Holy Land back from the Turks. All of the Crusades except for the first failed at doing so.

- During the Crusades, the weapon of choice was the crossbow.
- To raise money, some Lords had sold their land. Without their land, tehy had no power in the feudal system. 

- Changes in trade also took place. Italian cities became major trading centers, ships from Italian cities carried crusaders to the Holy Land.